tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-68061182512415433442024-03-13T11:07:33.666-04:00VoluntocracyGovernance by those who do the work.Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.comBlogger88125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-16672159101233469152020-05-11T17:15:00.002-04:002020-05-11T19:46:55.010-04:00The difference between physics and mathematics writingBeing a mathematician, I am having difficulty getting my fluid-dynamics papers accepted for publication. So I have come to the realization that mathematics and physics papers are vastly different.<br />
The methodology in a mathematics paper is at least as important as the result; there are cases where a shorter proof generates almost as much excitement as the original.<br />
It appears that for physicists, the result is paramount and the methodology is mainly for vetting the results. To develop an elegant theory which provides results which are already known is of no interest; there must be some lack or deficiency in a known result for the physicist to read past the abstract. And that lack or deficiency must be stated up front; one of my papers was rejected because it didn't tell a story.<br />
Mathematicians tend to read a paper from start to finish and are delighted by footnotes with unexpected connections to other fields. The Journal of Fluid Mechanics nearly forbids footnotes in their instructions for authors.<br />
There are variations among physics journals as well. For journals with an engineering bent, stating that a coefficient of 0.450 is actually sqrt(2)/pi is probably best left out.<br />
<br />Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-66807623878654675262019-09-21T14:28:00.000-04:002019-09-21T22:40:29.634-04:00Real-time interactive mathematical marblingBlake Jones has done some righteous coding, creating a GPU implementation of the <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.02106">Oseen flow in paint marbling</a> algorithm which executes so fast that it renders the marbling from arbitrary stylus movements interactively in real time! The <a href="https://vimeo.com/358003592">first video</a> on his <a href="https://foo.net/projects/turing-clouds/">Turing clouds webpage</a> shows the system in action.Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-45943856661387865452019-02-07T15:38:00.000-05:002019-12-08T13:13:16.130-05:00Mathematical Marbling How-To<a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/Marbling/How-To">
http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/Marbling/How-To</a>
<br />
<h1>
</h1>
Paint marbling is a process of dropping colored paints onto a liquid
bath and raking (combing) them to create intricate designs.
Based on my mathematical theory of
marbling, <a href="https://ctan.org/author/gilg">Jürgen Gilg</a>,
<a href="https://ctan.org/author/luque">Manuel Luque</a>, and I have
created the <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/pst-marble">pst-marble</a>
software to enable anyone with an internet browser to create their
own
digital <a href="http://pstricks.blogspot.com/2018/09/the-marbled-paper-with-pstricks.html">marbled
designs</a>.
<br />
<a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/pst-marble">Pst-marble</a>
(and <a href="http://mirrors.ctan.org/graphics/pstricks/contrib/pst-marble/doc/pst-marble-doc.pdf">documentation</a>)
is a <a href="https://ctan.org/">CTAN</a> package for the LaTeX
document system. If you have LaTeX and CTAN installed on your
computing device, then you can create marblings
locally. <a href="https://www.latex-project.org/get/"><tt>https://www.latex-project.org/get/</tt></a>
has the downloads and instructions for installing LaTeX and CTAN on
GNU/Linux, MacOS, and Windows.
<br />
For those with a web-browser, it is easy to create marblings online.
Papeeria.com provides an online LaTeX workbench with free and paid
accounts. The marbling example files will render in less than
one minute; so a free account is sufficient for exploring. If
you create more complicated designs, you can upgrade to a paid
Papeeria account or install LaTeX and CTAN on a (larger) computing
device.
<br />
<ul>
<li>Download
<a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/Marbling/pst-marble-v1.4.zip"><tt>pst-marble-v1.4.zip</tt></a> (15 kB) onto your computing
device.
</li>
<li>
Go
to <a href="http://papeeria.com/"><tt>http://Papeeria.com</tt></a>
and create a free account for yourself and a "project" with
whatever name you like.
</li>
<li>
From the top left pull-down select <b>Upload Project</b>, then
<b>Choose files</b> and select <tt>pst-marble-v1.4.zip</tt> which
you just downloaded. Then click <b>Open</b>.
</li>
<li>
In the <b>Project</b> tab you should then see a list of filenames.
The files with capitalized first letter and ending with
<tt>.tex</tt> are the marbling example files.
</li>
<li>
Click on <tt>Nonpareil.tex</tt> and you will see lines of text
which are a small marbling program. Find the
Papeeria <b>Compile</b> pull down and click
on <tt>Nonpareil.tex</tt>. In less than 30 seconds a colorful
design will appear in the <b>PDF</b> tab (you may need to install
a PDF viewer on your device).
</li>
</ul>
<div style="font-size: 80%; text-align: center; width: image 400 px;">
<img alt="nonpareil marbling" height="400" src="https://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/Marbling/Nonpareil.jpg" style="padding-bottom: 0.5em;" width="400" />
<br />
Low resolution rendering of <tt>Nonpareil.tex</tt></div>
Returning to the <tt>Nonpareil.tex</tt> code: After
the <tt>\psMarble</tt> line there are several sections bounded by
curly braces <tt>{</tt> and <tt>}</tt>.
The <code>colors=</code> section accepts RGB colors in three formats.
<br />
<dl>
<dt><tt>[0.906 0.8 0.608]</tt></dt>
<dd>Red, green, and blue color components between 0 and 1 in square
brackets.</dd>
<dt><tt>[231 204 155]</tt></dt>
<dd>Red, green, and blue color components between 0 and 255 in
square brackets.</dd>
<dt><tt>(e7cc9b)</tt></dt>
<dd>Red, green, and blue (RRGGBB) hexadecimal color components
between <tt>00</tt> and <tt>fF</tt> in parentheses.</dd></dl>
The percent symbol <code>%</code> is the comment character
in <tt>.tex</tt> files. Text to the right of <code>%</code> is
ignored to the end-of-line. Try commenting out some color
lines, then click on Papeeria's <b>Compile</b> button; you should
see fewer colors in the resulting marbling PDF.
<br />
The <code>actions=</code> section in <tt>Nonpareil.tex</tt>
specifies the marbling design through a sequence of numbers
(arguments) and commands separated by whitespace. The system
is a bit unusual in that the command is to the right of its
arguments. The leftmost two arguments to most of the commands
are the <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> coordinates of the center of the
marbling action. <code>0 0</code> for the first two
arguments specifies the center of the design. The
visible <i>x</i> and <i>y</i> for a square image are from -500 to
+500; but the virtual tank is infinite in size.
<br />
Comment out four lines of the <code>actions=</code> section so that
it looks like this; then <b>Compile</b>:
<br />
<pre> 0 0 48 colors 25 concentric-rings
% 90 [-150 450] 100 750 31 rake
% -90 [-150 450] 100 750 31 rake
% 180 [ 25 50 0 tines ] 30 200 31 rake
% 0 230 shift
</pre>
You should now see concentric colored rings in the PDF viewer.
These are produced by <code>concentric-rings</code> command:
<br />
<dl>
<dt><i>x y R<sub>i</sub></i> [<i>rgb</i> ...] <i>n</i> <b>concentric-rings</b></dt>
<dd>Places <i>n</i> rings in color sequence
[<i>rgb</i> ...]
centered at location <i>x,y</i>, each ring having
thickness <i>R<sub>i</sub></i>.</dd></dl>
These 25 rings are centered in the PDF and have a value of 48 for
thickness. The <code>colors</code> argument refers to the color
sequence from the <code>colors=</code> section. It can be replaced
by a literal color sequence; for instance:
<br />
<tt>
0 0 48 [(c28847) [231 204 155] [0.635 0.008 0.094]] 25 concentric-rings
</tt>
Next, uncomment the first two <code>rake</code> lines so that
the <code>actions=</code> section looks like this;
then <b>Compile</b>:
<br />
<pre> 0 0 48 colors 25 concentric-rings
90 [-150 450] 100 750 31 rake
-90 [-150 450] 100 750 31 rake
% 180 [ 25 50 0 tines ] 30 200 31 rake
% 0 230 shift
</pre>
<dl>
<dt><i>θ</i> [<i>R</i> ...] <i>V S D</i> <b>rake</b></dt>
<dd>Pulls tines of diameter <i>D</i> at <i>θ</i> degrees
clockwise from the positive <i>y</i>-axis through the virtual tank at
velocity <i>V</i>, moving fluid on the tine path a
distance <i>S</i>. The tine paths are spaced
[<i>R</i> ...] from the tank center at their nearest
points.</dd></dl>
"<code>90 [-150 450] 100 750 31 rake</code>" rakes two tines from
left to right.
<br />
"<code>-90 [-150 450] 100 750 31 rake</code>" rakes two tines from
right to left. The tine tracks are distinct from the previous two
because they are rotated 180 degrees. It is important to offset the
tines so that rakes in opposite direction do not cancel each other
out. You can see this cancellation by changing <code>[-150
450]</code> to <code>[-300 300]</code> in both lines.
<br />
Raking left and right increases the number of color bands. The next
step will rake downward with 25 tines. While we could specify their
positions as 25 numbers between brackets, pst-marble offers a
utility for generating evenly spaced tines:
<br />
<dl>
<dt>[<i>n</i> <i>S</i> <i>Ω</i> <b>tines</b>]</dt>
<dd>The <b>tines</b> command and its arguments are replaced by a
sequence of <i>n</i> numbers. The difference between adjacent
numbers is <i>S</i> and the center number is <i>Ω</i>
when <i>n</i> is odd and <i>S</i>/2−<i>Ω</i>
when <i>n</i> is even.</dd></dl>
<code>[2 600 -150 tines]</code> is equivalent to
<code>[-150 450]</code>. For the 25 tine rake, uncomment
the <code>rake</code> line in <code>actions=</code> so that it looks like this;
then <b>Compile</b>:
<br />
<pre> 0 0 48 colors 25 concentric-rings
90 [-150 450] 100 750 31 rake
-90 [-150 450] 100 750 31 rake
180 [ 25 50 0 tines ] 30 200 31 rake
% 0 230 shift
</pre>
The top quarter of the marbling is less densely threaded than the
rest of the marbling. This is because, by raking downward without a
compensating upward raking, the whole design has been moved
downward. To recenter it pst-marble offers:
<br />
<dl>
<dt><i>θ R</i> <b>shift</b></dt>
<dd>Shifts tank by <i>R</i> at <i>θ</i> degrees clockwise from vertical.
</dd></dl>
Uncommenting the <code>shift</code> line will center the nonpareil
design; the value 230 was arrived at by trial and error:
<br />
<pre> 0 0 48 colors 25 concentric-rings
90 [-150 450] 100 750 31 rake
-90 [-150 450] 100 750 31 rake
180 [ 25 50 0 tines ] 30 200 31 rake
0 230 shift
</pre>
The nonpareil design is common in marbling, and is the basis for
more complicated designs as well. You can easily alter the
appearance by changing the <code>actions=</code> code.
<br />
The pst-marble <a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/Marbling/Commands">reference card</a> gives brief
descriptions of all the <code>actions=</code> commands. The next
installment in this tutorial series
explains <a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/Marbling/Wavy-Lines">how to rake curves</a>.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<address>
Copyright © 2019 Aubrey Jaffer</address>
<hr />
<table align="CENTER" style="width: 100%px;"><tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="3"></td></tr>
<tr><td align="RIGHT" colspan="3"><a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/Marbling/">Topological Computer Graphics</a>
</td></tr>
<tr><td><address>
</address>
</td><td></td><td align="RIGHT"><a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/">Go Figure!</a>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-69629307706723403052019-01-16T11:09:00.000-05:002019-02-07T15:43:55.654-05:00Mathematical Marblilng Software<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1GfCf51Uo5dSxvsJapXMv16OiwYGu6N5mYd4LKUiwtkyYEpd8pISMe56QD_vOECvUzslfZmIdD_5f5teeH4FA6oqxCpfA3pbRpbmJl8YslCZyjxvYBNKfEso2UiOKZN68iDEvEAEKZi8J/s1600/pst-marblev0.1test-Bouquet.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="283" data-original-width="283" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi1GfCf51Uo5dSxvsJapXMv16OiwYGu6N5mYd4LKUiwtkyYEpd8pISMe56QD_vOECvUzslfZmIdD_5f5teeH4FA6oqxCpfA3pbRpbmJl8YslCZyjxvYBNKfEso2UiOKZN68iDEvEAEKZi8J/s1600/pst-marblev0.1test-Bouquet.png" /></a></div>
<br />
Jürgen Gilg and Luque Manuel have collaborated to create the pst-marble package on CTAN.org which lets you create your own mathematical marblings using LaTeX. <a href="https://ctan.org/pkg/pst-marble" target="_blank">https://ctan.org/pkg/pst-marble</a><br />
<br />
<a href="http://pstricks.blogspot.com/2018/09/the-marbled-paper-with-pstricks.html">http://pstricks.blogspot.com/2018/09/the-marbled-paper-with-pstricks.html</a><br />
show nice examples of marblings you can create with pst-marble.<br />
<br />
<br />
You can now create pst-marble designs online! The first
tutorial (about the nonpareil pattern) is <a href="https://voluntocracy.blogspot.com/2019/02/mathematical-marbling-how-to.html">https://voluntocracy.blogspot.com/2019/02/mathematical-marbling-how-to.html</a> <br />
<br />Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-22222805600005762652018-10-10T21:16:00.001-04:002018-10-11T21:18:14.889-04:00The Lamb-Oseen Vortex and Paint Marbling<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxWBpekNguw8f-2_IQz3qJ3etCmitZLStP00g8LK7CC7R4-icF7d2MAxXCWicMiwaf1-mxrVFN7o47VlSbB2N8Hj72A5rZBMmvh4sMsbgVwsV1ywdV3JH14nrDFnaT3RMAiMOPOpMLcPvn/s1600/anim3.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgxWBpekNguw8f-2_IQz3qJ3etCmitZLStP00g8LK7CC7R4-icF7d2MAxXCWicMiwaf1-mxrVFN7o47VlSbB2N8Hj72A5rZBMmvh4sMsbgVwsV1ywdV3JH14nrDFnaT3RMAiMOPOpMLcPvn/s1600/anim3.gif" /></a></div>
Just published <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1810.04646" target="_blank">The Lamb-Oseen Vortex and Paint Marbling</a> on arXiv.<br />
<br />
The image to the left shows the decay with time of the Lamb-Oseen vortex (starting from an impulse of circulation at the center point).<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGK8HoKvVEEdZUIQKrlrDhR-rm3hxl_0EVhs6iV1CgdJ3Zba315jPUm8eQlJUJQapPckSgmxnfsMPYsgYqGLCOx6miDWbsNNJQHsE_s2OEjvNDuml-qZUl-T6sgUG4f2RbBhkTgUMfjrIM/s1600/animexp.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgGK8HoKvVEEdZUIQKrlrDhR-rm3hxl_0EVhs6iV1CgdJ3Zba315jPUm8eQlJUJQapPckSgmxnfsMPYsgYqGLCOx6miDWbsNNJQHsE_s2OEjvNDuml-qZUl-T6sgUG4f2RbBhkTgUMfjrIM/s1600/animexp.gif" /></a></div>
The image to the right shows the same vortex, but with exponentially
increasing time. The rotational shear propagates to larger and larger
orbits while the center returns to rest. While this animation returns to its original position, it could come to rest at any angle controlled by the magnitude of the initial circulation.<br />
<br />
More about <a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/Marbling" target="_blank">mathematical marbling</a>.<br />
<br />Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com7tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-54165486615228802802018-08-15T20:25:00.000-04:002018-08-17T10:02:38.851-04:00Vortex marbling in Jupiter's great spot<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA22429" target="_blank"><br /></a>
<a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA22429" target="_blank"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="800" height="640" src="https://pbs.twimg.com/media/DkqWVxXUYAAgeTS.jpg:large" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/spaceimages/details.php?id=PIA22429" target="_blank">Image from NASA's Juno spacecraft 2018-04-01</a></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Although there are structures resembling mushrooms, the sides of the caps are vortexes, not the smaller mushrooms seen in my <a href="http://voluntocracy.blogspot.com/2018/07/vortexes-in-marbling.html" target="_blank">previous post</a>. There appears to be a vortex street running across the bottom half of the image.<br />
<br />Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-7641704255040577132018-07-27T21:19:00.000-04:002018-08-04T20:47:45.809-04:00Bubbles in Marbling<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikYrsQs7Yl14Mr9w1jMFITCkFudpttnr7jE6pQ17_-reKRNsQHmtt-8GawzpXYQWJ2zBYfKi0YRePOCdJP7vkwSGqnso3anxwSXRGNt-VXOAhWqAmIWdiqAvMMQSZKnf-vTHJq6AI7bTNt/s1600/tear.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="876" data-original-width="1437" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikYrsQs7Yl14Mr9w1jMFITCkFudpttnr7jE6pQ17_-reKRNsQHmtt-8GawzpXYQWJ2zBYfKi0YRePOCdJP7vkwSGqnso3anxwSXRGNt-VXOAhWqAmIWdiqAvMMQSZKnf-vTHJq6AI7bTNt/s640/tear.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Bubbles and parted paints</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
The St.Johns marbling technique uses stylus speeds of only a few centimeters per second. When a stylus is moved quickly through the tank fluid, air bubbles are formed. Bubbles were formed drawing a 25 mm diameter dowel faster than (<i>V</i>=) 20 cm/s through the tank (which also parted the floating paints) in my previous post.
<br />
<br />
While the formation of bubbles could be due to non-Newtonian fluid behavior, it is worth examining the conditions assuming a Newtonian fluid. A 25 mm diameter dowel submerged 12.5 mm will behave more like half of a 25 mm diameter sphere than a cylinder. If the kinematic viscosity (ν=0.001 m<sup>2</sup>/s) of the liquid is 1000 times that of water, then the Reynolds number is about 5, far less than the 90 needed to spawn vortexes. Re is inversely proportional to viscosity; reducing the kinematic viscosity by a factor of 10 raises Re to 50.
<br />
<br />
A half sphere of diameter <i>d</i> has buoyant-pressure (restoring force divided by cross-section area) of about 81 N/m<sup>2</sup>. Surface tension pressure (restoring force divided by cross-section area) of water is roughly 3.7 N/m<sup>2</sup>.
<br />
<br />
Drag is the force on the object moving through the tank fluid. There must be an equal and opposite net force on the liquid. Drag <i>D</i> for a sphere is the product of the friction coefficient <i>C<sub>D</sub></i>, frontal area (π/4*<i>d</i><sup>2</sup>), and dynamic head <i>V</i><sup>2</sup>*ρ/2 (for water ρ=997). That force divided by the frontal area of the object is a pressure (suction actually).
<br />
<br />
A bubble will be formed if this suction behind the moving stylus is larger than the sum of the restoring forces at the liquid surface.
<br />
<br />
For ν=1000 mm<sup>2</sup>/s (1000 times that of water) the suction behind our 25 mm diameter dowel is 88 N/m<sup>2</sup>, which exceeds the restoring pressures 81 N/m<sup>2</sup> and 3.7 N/m<sup>2</sup>, and bubbles can result.
<br />
<br />
The slower motions and smaller styluses that the St.Johns usually use have Reynolds numbers much smaller than 5. Thus the marblings they create don't evidence inertial effects (versus the mushroom designs of my previous post).
<br />
<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOhDUy9KD-vuvq8xJGtaEG9WhgO55zfP5jBMeNcfD0-deWfhB3z_iZKXagCflMdeC2AKxKT6wxtOggFnByWpwqrM-jl_jACKOZeO2DGTxLYT45P6rYjtGlytXYfTOlAh3o2QcKPzpffsb9/s1600/mushland.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1162" data-original-width="1600" height="464" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhOhDUy9KD-vuvq8xJGtaEG9WhgO55zfP5jBMeNcfD0-deWfhB3z_iZKXagCflMdeC2AKxKT6wxtOggFnByWpwqrM-jl_jACKOZeO2DGTxLYT45P6rYjtGlytXYfTOlAh3o2QcKPzpffsb9/s640/mushland.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">"Mushroom" flow from straight strokes</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
Kinematic viscosities below 50 mm<sup>2</sup>/s (50 times that of water)
would be needed to spawn vortexes in marbling. At 50 mm<sup>2</sup>/s viscosity, a 25 mm cylinder would need to be moved at 20 cm/s over at least 16 cm before the first vortex was shed. <br />
<br />
In water, a 5 mm cylinder moving at 2 cm/s would shed vortexes 3 cm apart. A 1 mm diameter stylus moved in a straight path at 5 cm/s would not shed vortexes.<br />
<br />
So existing evidence of Karman (shed) vortexes is only likely to be found in marbling produced on a tank filled with water.Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-72197092466490753472018-07-09T20:52:00.001-04:002018-09-27T18:06:52.892-04:00Vortexes in Marbling<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Jake Benson (investigating paper marbling in the Islamic world at Leiden University) has raised the issue of whether vortex shedding appears in marbling. He found some 16th century marbling patterns at the Harvard Houghton Library which appear to have vortexes next to longer strokes.<br />
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<a href="https://archive.org/stream/gri_33125012902959#page/n151" target="_blank">This image from the on-line Getty collection</a> is busier, but shows some of the same features.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh67covBA1yUwrNBQ4k1PpiMuGhapDiMghRsQTVV8KySadmmN-hMFQFaPVQMY3fiUBpz7Lzz_dVGbD4TqZ82t9xMcqlL6K-5Rj3d8-ux8Mx8ylm7ATY5kUay1Yh2iRz2b-41lZvQt_7Hyky/s1600/asch-152.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="792" data-original-width="612" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh67covBA1yUwrNBQ4k1PpiMuGhapDiMghRsQTVV8KySadmmN-hMFQFaPVQMY3fiUBpz7Lzz_dVGbD4TqZ82t9xMcqlL6K-5Rj3d8-ux8Mx8ylm7ATY5kUay1Yh2iRz2b-41lZvQt_7Hyky/s640/asch-152.jpg" width="492" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Autograph album of Johann Joachim Prack von Asch<br />
Publication date 1587<br />
In the collection of the Getty Research Institute<br />
<a href="https://archive.org/stream/gri_33125012902959#page/n151">https://archive.org/stream/gri_33125012902959#page/n151</a></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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"<a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Hbbkd2d3H8" target="_blank">Vortex shedding in Water</a>" from "Harvard Natural Sciences Lecture Demonstrations" shows vortexes being shed from a cylinder at flow speeds in the range of marbling strokes.<br />
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My work has focused on laminar and Oseen flows <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.02106">https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.02106</a> in Newtonian fluids which successfully model most common marbling techniques.<br />
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At the lowest Reynolds numbers is Stokes flow, where the passage of the stylus displaces the liquid only temporarily. The next range of Reynolds numbers produces Oseen flow, where viscous forces dominate inertial forces. Straight strokes of finite length result in persistent movement along the stroke and rotation to both sides of the stroke. As the inertial forces grow relative to viscous forces, instabilities such as vortex shedding appear (Re ≥ 90). Much higher Reynolds numbers (≥ 40000) can produce turbulence.<br />
<br />
To answer vortex question and to better quantify the fluid dynamics parameters of marbling, Dan and Regina St.John, the <a href="http://www.chenarivermarblers.com/" target="_blank">Chena River Marblers</a>, recently hosted a session where we performed experiments using their equipment and expertise.<br />
<br />
The idea was to increase the Reynolds number of marbling strokes by increasing the stylus size and speed until instabilities such as vortexes appeared. We increased the stylus size to 25 mm, but instabilities did not appear. We increased the speed to the point that it created a tear and bubbles in the paints, but no vortexes appeared. The tear indicates that the assumption that the fluid is Newtonian may not be valid; and the <a href="http://www.agargel.com.br/carrageenan-tec.html" target="_blank">properties of carageenan</a> used to make the "sizing" in the tank are complicated. <i> Note</i>: <a href="http://voluntocracy.blogspot.com/2018/07/bubbles-in-marbling.html" target="_blank">my later post</a> finds that Newtonian fluids <b>can</b> produce these behaviors.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6MjpYRIlGTPrnwsnrdchKnWFfcubf0KL67HXLwdfOa2lUgMIg7rCdDZ73pBdaSegKXx8GkylHiQZRhdD1hpdoZpv1zgAmqNSwQ3J1VAttOkEYjcPUVVv59RuCnimuTuJtEBmXH_tVxtAT/s1600/tear.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="876" data-original-width="1437" height="388" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj6MjpYRIlGTPrnwsnrdchKnWFfcubf0KL67HXLwdfOa2lUgMIg7rCdDZ73pBdaSegKXx8GkylHiQZRhdD1hpdoZpv1zgAmqNSwQ3J1VAttOkEYjcPUVVv59RuCnimuTuJtEBmXH_tVxtAT/s640/tear.jpg" width="640" /></a><br />
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Reynolds number being the characteristic length times the velocity divided by the kinematic viscosity, the only other thing to try was reducing the viscosity. Diluting the sizing by half with water resulted in a sea change. Instead of fluid motion stopping when the stylus stopped, it would glide for as long as 5 seconds before coming to rest, showing that inertia was in play. Stylus strokes at speeds around 25.cm/s (which is fast for marbling) created the mushroom shapes pictured. Although the St.Johns were able to find an example of this shape in one of their books, it is not a common marbling motif. Looking back at the photo of the 16th century marbling, mushrooms are present.<br />
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Are these mushrooms due to flow instabilities? No. The mushrooms appear where the stylus was stopped. In vortex shedding, the vortexes are shed to alternating sides of the ongoing stroke. Even for a fast stroke, the train behind the stylus was smooth and without wiggles.<br />
<br />
We know from the video of vortex shedding that it happens in water. Viscosity near that of water may be required in order to see it in marbling.<br />
<br />
There is more of interest here. The mushrooms in our marbling have smaller mushrooms inside of them. In the photograph, I have outlined mushrooms at 3 different scales. The mushroom in the smallest box ls less obvious than the others; perhaps because the bands of color comprising it are larger relative to its size.<br />
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Pure Oseen flow is reversible; reversing the flow at the origin returns the system to its original state. With its sub-mushrooms, the mushroom flow does not look reversible.Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-5196701313478409362018-07-08T11:40:00.001-04:002018-07-08T19:34:24.204-04:00Fractal Scaling of Population Counts Over Time Spans<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPuRO98F_aV0VpUGV9eyYi9DS-gA4gaMNxtBjtGSzz64F4CeEnzsX9z8O8olknesUUg2PaUJJs_rMlYS8Y06fLHqkIYfphLWjllPSMH-cZDHqt-3aV9kN8TW-LAvcKtAwuNaEis1IbVFDU/s1600/pixdy.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="252" data-original-width="360" height="280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgPuRO98F_aV0VpUGV9eyYi9DS-gA4gaMNxtBjtGSzz64F4CeEnzsX9z8O8olknesUUg2PaUJJs_rMlYS8Y06fLHqkIYfphLWjllPSMH-cZDHqt-3aV9kN8TW-LAvcKtAwuNaEis1IbVFDU/s400/pixdy.png" width="400" /></a></div>
<br />
It's been 7 months since my last post. The process of downsizing to a smaller home last winter put my projects on hold.<br />
<br />
Although fractals have stubbornly refused to appear in my investigation of self-similar surface roughness, they have shown up at my day job as a data scientist at <a href="http://digilant.com/" target="_blank">Digilant</a>.<br />
<br />
Investigating the possibility of combining weekly counts of unique user IDs, I discovered that the L^p-norm does so with surprisingly good accuracy on digital advertising datasets. The L^p-norm implies a scaling law. My son Martin (who also works at Digilant) noticed that the scaling law exponent is a fractal dimension. The L^p-norm and scaling law are implied by the Pareto distribution of lifetimes in a population. This link between the L^p-norm and fractal dimension should have application beyond counting populations.<br />
<br />
We wrote a paper about these results at <a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.06772">https://arxiv.org/abs/1806.06772</a>Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-87997096879204664552017-12-08T18:45:00.000-05:002017-12-08T18:45:55.161-05:00The Physics of MarblingLast week I spoke on <a href="https://www.newton.ac.uk/seminar/20171128111011501" target="_blank">The Physics of Marbling</a> at the <a href="http://www.newton.ac.uk/event/gfsw04" target="_blank"><i>Form in art, toys and games</i></a> workshop at the Isaac Newton Institute for Mathematical Sciences in the University of Cambridge!<br />
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<i></i>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="http://www.newton.ac.uk/files/events/group-photos/gfsw04-1125491.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="425" src="https://www.newton.ac.uk/files/events/group-photos/gfsw04-1125491.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">I am the one in the bright blue jacket.</td></tr>
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The four day workshop had many fascinating presentations on a wide variety of topics. <a href="https://www.newton.ac.uk/webseminars?field_when_value_1[min]&field_when_value_1[max]&title_2=&title=&combine=&page=1" target="_blank">Videos for most of the talks are available.</a><br />
<i></i>Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com020 Clarkson Rd, Cambridge CB3 0EH, UK52.2095075 0.1028499999999894552.0539495 -0.21987350000001055 52.3650655 0.42557349999998945tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-66529973492165367892017-08-06T09:40:00.000-04:002017-08-06T21:15:26.835-04:00Mixed Convection from an Isothermal Rough Plate<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAcppVv7pXvjYsQ1663CsSYhRQGJ1Gt8I8-sKrcPEM-T8oI6AIhceHrTKlCzWNGA17k12uaRMMD1iDQbZTZQawKpc7iW2glhTSMVXgKrBPrzH4hsKt1EFXPZfMy-s3JRVp3H0dx4fF7zAA/s1600/mixed-dn-correlation.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="554" data-original-width="792" height="447" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAcppVv7pXvjYsQ1663CsSYhRQGJ1Gt8I8-sKrcPEM-T8oI6AIhceHrTKlCzWNGA17k12uaRMMD1iDQbZTZQawKpc7iW2glhTSMVXgKrBPrzH4hsKt1EFXPZfMy-s3JRVp3H0dx4fF7zAA/s640/mixed-dn-correlation.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
In March 2017 the roughness of the aluminum plate was reduced from 3mm to 1mm. I installed it in the wind-tunnel and started running experiments. The forced convection measurements were nearly 30% higher than expected!<br />
<br />
I examined nearly every aspect of the physical device and its mathematical model. The fan-speed calibration was found to be sensitive to the distance between the test surface and the wind-tunnel wall. Conditioning the rpm-to-speed conversion on the plate's orientation improved the earlier data taken with the plate with 3mm roughness.<br />
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When the plate is not parallel to the wind-tunnel, the forced and mixed measurements are affected. With the 3mm roughness plate, the alignment had been controlled within a couple of millimeters over the plate's 305mm length. The 1mm roughness plate seemed to require stricter tolerances. Using a caliper, I am able to control the alignment to better than 1mm.<br />
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The primary cause of the measured excess was that, when the height of the posts had been reduced, the size and spacing of the posts had not been reduced. At high wind-speeds the convection from the flat post tops was exceeding the "fully-rough" mode of convection. The model incorporating this phenomena is developed in the "Rough to Smooth Turbulence Transition" section of my "<a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/convect" target="_blank">Mixed Convection from an Isothermal Rough Plate</a>" paper.<br />
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Writing a paper forces one to revisit all the questions and anomalies that occurred during research and experiment. Understanding, resolving, and testing all of these issues has taken months. I would appreciate any proof-reading or critiquing that others might provide before I submit it for publication.Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-49074233041447885792017-02-08T19:17:00.001-05:002017-02-08T19:17:45.443-05:00Oseen Flow in Ink Marbling<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyy6SFcA-bHMoQffZtEST2zljPJ-TXuui5aFYRwYKwBYFn585PORT2qaMYpsMrprIMpIKaRqzINngLSBPlMVTQzmMt2SpSd5C_OEnV8vEh5hf731XmjFxursRAFjEkMxN0MozScdpgwWm3/s1600/marble-arc-66.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjyy6SFcA-bHMoQffZtEST2zljPJ-TXuui5aFYRwYKwBYFn585PORT2qaMYpsMrprIMpIKaRqzINngLSBPlMVTQzmMt2SpSd5C_OEnV8vEh5hf731XmjFxursRAFjEkMxN0MozScdpgwWm3/s1600/marble-arc-66.jpg" /></a></div>
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Mathematical modeling of ink marbling has long been a fascination of mine. My <a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/Marbling">Ink Marbling</a> web pages have presented emulations of a number of marbling techniques. But the raking techniques modeled were either paths across the whole tank or circular paths.<br />
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Pictorial ink marbling designs are created using short strokes, where a stylus is inserted into the tank; moved a short distance; then extracted. There seems to be no way to adapt the line or circle draws to short strokes with endpoints.<br />
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Having bought a copy of <i>Boundary-layer theory </i>(Hermann
Schlichting et. al.) for my convection project, I started reading from
the beginning. It didn't take long until I found a description of Oseen
flow on page 115 (chapter IV, very slow motion). Its streamline figure
looked very promising. After further research I have written: <i><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.02106">Oseen Flow in Ink Marbling</a></i><a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1702.02106"> arXiv:1702.02106 [physics.flu-dyn]</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUwn3p7xiIikZ8MOPLoaeI44Ul331ZNMNTvgP7cnx_dys1gtI5mbuaWh2e-qQKxcegs2DZ2Y9QGQc_ZqLZe49QHBoF9Ba0Fv5elk62JssEYm50ifY5zrRydGbCN_uS43W-nFFsNAWp-Kd3/s1600/stroke-4.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiUwn3p7xiIikZ8MOPLoaeI44Ul331ZNMNTvgP7cnx_dys1gtI5mbuaWh2e-qQKxcegs2DZ2Y9QGQc_ZqLZe49QHBoF9Ba0Fv5elk62JssEYm50ifY5zrRydGbCN_uS43W-nFFsNAWp-Kd3/s1600/stroke-4.png" /></a></div>
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Unlike a cylinder in a 2-dimensional flow, the velocity field induced by an infinitesimally thin stylus can be exactly solved in closed form. In this sense, marbling is the purest form of Oseen flow.<br />
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The partial differential equations solved include conservation of mass (divergence=0), but not conservation of momentum (Navier-Stokes). It's not clear how much momentum is imparted by the stylus, or how that imparting momentum changes with time.<br />
<br />Liquid marbling is sensitive to the speed of a stylus moving through the tank. At low speeds the induced flow is laminar; at high speeds the flow becomes turbulent. Both are used by marblers, but only the laminar flow is possible to solve in closed form.<br />
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<br />Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-31267179671321035682016-10-02T23:11:00.000-04:002016-10-09T22:28:12.860-04:00Mixed Convection from a Rough PlateIts been a long time since my last blog entry; there are new developments.<br />
<br />
After completing the vertical convection measurements, I returned the Convection Machine to its horizontal orientation and did some runs to make sure everything was as before. But things were not the same.<br />
<br />
With the rough side facing down, the transition where mixed convection dropped below the linear asymptote had disappeared. Varying parameters did not restore the dip. Changing inclination of the plate; tilting the wind-tunnel; resealing the cardboard around the fan; nothing I tried restored the dip. Something has permanently changed in the wind-tunnel or the plate.<br />
<br />
So I reran the measurements of horizontal upward and downward facing mixed convection. The new curves match simple L2 and L4 norms of the forced and natural convection components. My guess of what changed has to do with the suspension of the plate. The vertical suspension was a single long wire which, after hooking around the a top corner post, wrapped across the back and hooked around the other top corner post. Wrapping around the back compressed the back sheet and insulation against the back side of the rough plate. Perhaps the pressure closed gaps in the glue between aluminum and insulation.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpbFEkUDPMgUH-BvfMFZUGNws2ZD5Exe2SaRQm7oDHnyoO_4CaaTHMLTfONRTykddQLzZlplfaumcYhoPa8abMAecZSAwopcpkPqvIDeTwCZo9BvzSuobrpVopVRZK92Q9tdV297bYTWPp/s1600/12-point-suspension.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="245" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpbFEkUDPMgUH-BvfMFZUGNws2ZD5Exe2SaRQm7oDHnyoO_4CaaTHMLTfONRTykddQLzZlplfaumcYhoPa8abMAecZSAwopcpkPqvIDeTwCZo9BvzSuobrpVopVRZK92Q9tdV297bYTWPp/s320/12-point-suspension.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
Having data for horizontal forced flow with 3 plate orientations, it was time to measure downward forced flow with a vertical plate. Because vibration of the plate had caused excess convection with the single wire suspension, I added two wrap-around wires pulling in opposite directions to the plate suspension. This new suspension is quite rigid and works with the wind-tunnel in any orientation.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjihzix8RZhX-8KYssJlbnTnzt_AXEMFzUA0RjaEOSFlW6zzUaiuLoIhHcLu1XHap0rPua8J9CBMnGamAoXws0AAS5f-vu96E29x8FlMqhENsO_WiAdKtG9573M5mK5yazB4KoZdcp8YuuG/s1600/vertical-wind-tunnel.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjihzix8RZhX-8KYssJlbnTnzt_AXEMFzUA0RjaEOSFlW6zzUaiuLoIhHcLu1XHap0rPua8J9CBMnGamAoXws0AAS5f-vu96E29x8FlMqhENsO_WiAdKtG9573M5mK5yazB4KoZdcp8YuuG/s320/vertical-wind-tunnel.jpg" width="134" /></a><br />
I added four legs to support the wind-tunnel upright with the fan drawing downward. I was expecting either L2-norm mixing or for convection to drop below the natural level when the natural and forced components were equal. But it was neither! I devised a model which transitions between L2 and L4 norm that matched the measurements well; it is detailed in my paper.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzeFjehp0ZyWtWKbyrVvf7JlN-4E7G26bVThpGlfPO6HLNPVOWIE18RKzSG8KHRORMwezo46sit1puppC_Fc8lyC6PdfelSDMICZ-coVC9nGEks8DbA_zlp1vUTe5_Bjozwp7ygFwN0Cn7/s1600/verticalwindtunnelup.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhzeFjehp0ZyWtWKbyrVvf7JlN-4E7G26bVThpGlfPO6HLNPVOWIE18RKzSG8KHRORMwezo46sit1puppC_Fc8lyC6PdfelSDMICZ-coVC9nGEks8DbA_zlp1vUTe5_Bjozwp7ygFwN0Cn7/s320/verticalwindtunnelup.jpg" width="127" /></a><br />
Because the opposed mixing was unexpected, aided mixing had to be tried. It also turned out to involve a transition between L2 and L4 norms, but with a gentler transition.<br />
<br />
I have finished writing the article and put it and the supplementary data on <a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/convect">http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/convect</a><br />
<br />
As described in the paper, the next step is to shave 4.mm off the rough side of the plate and repeat the measurements.Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-18709460407742024142016-06-13T21:52:00.000-04:002016-07-05T19:34:25.011-04:00Mixed Convection from a Vertical Rough SurfaceI turned the wind-tunnel on its side and hung the plate vertically as shown in the photograph.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYYSRgUneKwcpWnjWr-Tr26z8nI2g5ADlCGvWa_VX38wNJGOSG81GnvEXl7BRdfQGar_XkfOh5pQ7MdtawPS6rh_5ryCKJOasZKQ4b5mFSU1hP9njgjNPgQlMNNxPpzVaQBPr1HwneIm0y/s1600/WT-vertical.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYYSRgUneKwcpWnjWr-Tr26z8nI2g5ADlCGvWa_VX38wNJGOSG81GnvEXl7BRdfQGar_XkfOh5pQ7MdtawPS6rh_5ryCKJOasZKQ4b5mFSU1hP9njgjNPgQlMNNxPpzVaQBPr1HwneIm0y/s640/WT-vertical.jpg" width="480" /></a><br />
<br />
These graphs show that my mixed convection model is successful from natural through forced convection for horizontal and vertical rough plates with forced flow perpendicular to the natural flow. The leftmost red dot in each graph is the natural convection (Re=0) for that orientation; it is placed at Re=1000 so that it can appear on the graph.<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh9mYN2SqMn9iSubvQKN_En46AlPZ5dUAPOOMZIgVTWGdvvifZug61kJIePJJGafhKQbeWSY0SrT5_UIDhxCeK8GgiB8t3a1VY8okUZ-aMGBPCK5m5TbJONcUfpAuoymSa4kOHyV3obwcq/s1600/downward-correlation-2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhh9mYN2SqMn9iSubvQKN_En46AlPZ5dUAPOOMZIgVTWGdvvifZug61kJIePJJGafhKQbeWSY0SrT5_UIDhxCeK8GgiB8t3a1VY8okUZ-aMGBPCK5m5TbJONcUfpAuoymSa4kOHyV3obwcq/s640/downward-correlation-2.png" width="640" /></a><br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVrXc6P9akubSSK_Tm4f_m5vj-9j69rl9RYEVcq_Nr-oPXa0Te9dR6B99SdOOYcCH1J712Q3ocwFuTDRV-FJR1B0vmrGrrQKzCYeemFu73jYx7esS1HMhfQPWlyg0qU1G9vlEs-wkOcKIm/s1600/vertical-correlation-2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVrXc6P9akubSSK_Tm4f_m5vj-9j69rl9RYEVcq_Nr-oPXa0Te9dR6B99SdOOYcCH1J712Q3ocwFuTDRV-FJR1B0vmrGrrQKzCYeemFu73jYx7esS1HMhfQPWlyg0qU1G9vlEs-wkOcKIm/s640/vertical-correlation-2.png" width="640" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTpQwJ56TG6C1B8_PhPF3cTDsGRHcwmYcUU56aUcaWGmjBZZkb3WqBK293SS8uKgGOoLVNw2LaPpFB0RlzStuqQ32TUvlSYABDkJT-yZDseXaUDf9NBqUvswptZm3HB0LZygErdMHQl770/s1600/upward-correlation-2.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTpQwJ56TG6C1B8_PhPF3cTDsGRHcwmYcUU56aUcaWGmjBZZkb3WqBK293SS8uKgGOoLVNw2LaPpFB0RlzStuqQ32TUvlSYABDkJT-yZDseXaUDf9NBqUvswptZm3HB0LZygErdMHQl770/s640/upward-correlation-2.png" width="640" /></a><br />
The L4-norm for downward convection indicates that the interaction between the downward mode and forced convection is more competitive than the fairly cooperative L2-norm of the vertical and upward modes. <br />
<br />
Horizontal downward and vertical natural convection from the rough plate match that expected from a smooth plate. Horizontal upward convection matches assuming that the upper (rough) surface convection is reduced by 93% of the non-forced convection from the four adjoining sides. In order to test if horizontal upward convection is the same for rough and smooth, I will cover the rough surface with a flat sheet of aluminum and repeat the test.<br />
<br />
I have started writing a paper titled "Mixed Convection from a Rough Plate". Which journal should I submit it to?<br />
<span id="goog_1985933606"></span><span id="goog_1985933607"></span>Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-85851419824257422502016-06-04T19:16:00.000-04:002016-06-10T09:45:51.008-04:00Fan WindspeedWith the wind-tunnel fan being phase-locked now, the speed variability which plagued earlier speed measurements should be reduced or eliminated.<br />
<br />
The process of conducting the measurements for these graphs finds this to be the case. Although some variability remains above 3 m/s (1000 r/min), at slower speeds the anemometer readings are steady after the phase-lock-loop settles. The measured traces are in blue; the black curve is that used in convection calculations. This first graph is for the wind tunnel with horizontal plate.<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlt12bgmQQ8k0VZIVf_UhqM2sOoWgggcvZkWndVDYaVPGfSyfLybzzoCzF3lWjZrGNgBZxdhGXokkl8qwEfXBx5nVQAzrjdlU7Y5NdwqU_cx_0u2TyuF3cegi3l2em3zLgx6MB-tkqggnK/s1600/20160528T202907-pllcal.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlt12bgmQQ8k0VZIVf_UhqM2sOoWgggcvZkWndVDYaVPGfSyfLybzzoCzF3lWjZrGNgBZxdhGXokkl8qwEfXBx5nVQAzrjdlU7Y5NdwqU_cx_0u2TyuF3cegi3l2em3zLgx6MB-tkqggnK/s320/20160528T202907-pllcal.png" width="320" /> </a><br />
<br />
This second graph is with the wind tunnel laying on its side with the plate vertical. <br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAq1b07qqtUyU6nkL1t5LehH5648lS5_p7_ChgRv3Fug3SZmuQCNI7wpyXcxtiJL3S5YU8VOajh0HUsOIemxg5Aq0jFRFM2c3PKbT9rKd1PuSy91iyg6pmZhfSPtc4dwz1tCmUb_uJs0mt/s1600/20160603T201759-pllcal.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="250" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAq1b07qqtUyU6nkL1t5LehH5648lS5_p7_ChgRv3Fug3SZmuQCNI7wpyXcxtiJL3S5YU8VOajh0HUsOIemxg5Aq0jFRFM2c3PKbT9rKd1PuSy91iyg6pmZhfSPtc4dwz1tCmUb_uJs0mt/s320/20160603T201759-pllcal.png" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
An earlier post found that the kink just above 2 m/s is due to the anemometer; it remains. Friction in the anemometer makes the measurements below fan speeds of 700 r/min unreliable; below fan speeds of 200 r/min the anemometer reads 0.0.<br />
<span id="goog_2062932961"></span><span id="goog_2062932962"></span>Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-14400455297440197672016-05-07T12:14:00.003-04:002016-05-07T21:30:05.566-04:00How to Phase-Lock a FanUsing an auto-transformer to reduce the voltage to the wind-tunnel fan<br />
in order to reduce its speed didn't work below 45 r/min (it ran for a<br />
while and stopped). So I modified The Convection Machine to toggle<br />
the fan power with a solid-state relay controlled by micro-processor.<br />
<br />
Consider the shaft of the wind-tunnel fan. Every full rotation of the<br />
fan results in 3 micro-processor interrupts. A phase-accumulator<br />
register is incremented by the desired rotation rate (in r/min) 1200<br />
times a second and decreased by 24000 every time a fan blade crosses a<br />
light beam. If the fan rotates at the desired rotation rate, then the<br />
average phase-accumulator value is constant. If the fan is too slow,<br />
then the phase-accumulator value increases with time; if it is too<br />
fast, then the phase-accumulator value decreases with time.<br />
<br />
Phase-locking is the process of controlling the fan-speed so that the<br />
average phase-accumulator value is 0. Such feedback systems are<br />
tricky to stabilize. My fan controller operates in one mode when the<br />
desired speed is less than 400 r/min and a different one otherwise.<br />
<br />
At high speeds, the fan speed is roughly proportional to the average<br />
voltage applied, which is proportional to the duty cycle of applied<br />
voltage. The phase accumulator operates as described above. Its<br />
instantaneous value is compared with a variable which decrements from<br />
the upper phase range bound to 0 ten times a second. If greater, the<br />
fan is turned on, otherwise it is turned off. Some of the<br />
instabilities of the fan speed may be due to a centripetal switch<br />
disconnecting the starter capacitor and hooking in the running<br />
capacitor, which increases the loop gain of the system. The change in<br />
gain causes the system to overshoot and undershoot the desired r/min<br />
with long settling times.<br />
<br />
At low speeds each pulse of power incrementally increases the fan<br />
speed while friction continually slows it. The solid-state relay has<br />
"zero-crossing" control, so only complete half-cycles of 60 Hz power<br />
are applied to the fan motor. The combination of the motor windings<br />
and phase capacitor stores energy, so the acceleration of the rotor is<br />
delayed from the application of power. At low speeds the rotational<br />
inertia of the rotor introduces 90 degrees of phase shift. The<br />
microprocessor clock is not synchronized to the line voltage, so the<br />
minimum pulse width varies with the relative phase, another source of<br />
loop gain variation.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3STykk5qin24QLgxzMYXoTEGx4v_5IDQyCWhNwIulvnv4rKajt_eVmcG0EWc1J9yIuK2i7GQcYWqmy9-PrBv5V4anObcKHE5CmkSWee1x_R2ehV5UwI3xaDplyIzztub3sv3ghe3LD4aE/s1600/speed-control.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3STykk5qin24QLgxzMYXoTEGx4v_5IDQyCWhNwIulvnv4rKajt_eVmcG0EWc1J9yIuK2i7GQcYWqmy9-PrBv5V4anObcKHE5CmkSWee1x_R2ehV5UwI3xaDplyIzztub3sv3ghe3LD4aE/s320/speed-control.jpg" width="320" /></a><br />
<br />
This photo shows the new fan-speed control. The number on the<br />
7-segment displays is the rotation rate in r/min measured every<br />
second. The right 3 dial switches set the desired rotation rate.<br />
<br />
<iframe allowfullscreen='allowfullscreen' webkitallowfullscreen='webkitallowfullscreen' mozallowfullscreen='mozallowfullscreen' width='320' height='266' src='https://www.blogger.com/video.g?token=AD6v5dy7v70ZOaKnF79LHz-8SNGOfZp3HfJtzRkoB_mQ24bMLERBB6TBs83CqoaMelgEAbKC90QOjih3dpv212LrKA' class='b-hbp-video b-uploaded' frameborder='0'></iframe> <br />
<br />
This video which shows the phased-locked fan in<br />
operation at a variety of speeds. The low light level was necessary<br />
so that the stroboscopic interaction of camera shutter with the<br />
scanned 7-segment display didn't render the numbers unreadable. If<br />
you turn up the audio volume you can hear the fan chugging as its<br />
power is switched on and off.Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-85286346488872023422016-03-19T13:59:00.000-04:002016-03-19T13:59:33.881-04:00Make Square Opening by Drilling Five Round HolesIn making a speed control for an off-the-shelf electric fan, I needed to install a square power receptacle in the phenolic box I am using for the speed dial switches and 7-segment displays. Phenolic is brittle and does not machine well with the woodworking tools that I have, chipping instead of cutting.<br /><br />A straightforward way to cut the hole would be to drill a hole, disassemble a coping saw and reassemble it with the blade through the hole, and sawing. But the small size of the box would limit the saw strokes to a few centimetres. <br /><br />A reciprocating "Sabre" saw might do the job but is hard to control.<br /><br />Twist drill bits seemed to work the best of my tools on the material, and I have a good selection of sizes. How close to a square opening can one create by drilling a small number of round holes? It turns out that I can come fairly close. There are two ways the problem can be posed, the largest opening bounded within the square or the smallest opening just larger than the square. I am interested in the latter; the other solution can be had by scaling.<br /><br />The idea is to drill holes on the diagonals near the 4 corners such that the corner touches the rim of the hole. One then drills a hole in the center which is enough larger than the square so that its points of contact with the square are points of contact with the 4 smaller holes. If the diameter of the 4 corner holes is reduced, then the diameter of the center hole must be increased in order for it to intersect the smaller holes and the square.<br /><br />Let L be the length of one side of the square, R be the radius of the center hole, and r be the radius of the corner holes. The center of each corner hole is L/sqrt(2)-r from the center of the square so that the rim lies on the corner point. The furthest that the corner holes exceed the desired square is<br /><br /> r+(L/sqrt(2)-r)/sqrt(2)-L/2 = r-r/sqrt(2) = r*(1-sqrt(1/2))<br /><br />The furthest that the large center hole exceeds the desired square is R-L/2. Desired is:<br /><br /> R-L/2 = r*(1-sqrt(1/2))<br /><br />The other constraint is that the rim of the center hole and the rim of the corner hole intersect on the side of the square. The distance from the middle of the side to the intersection of the side with the large hole is x<br /><br /> R^2 = (L/2)^2 + x^2<br /><br />The distance from the corner to the intersection is r*sqrt(2). So:<br /><br /> L/2 = r*sqrt(2) + x<br /><br />R, r, and x scale with L. Let L = 1.<br /><br /> R^2 = 1/4 + x^2<br /><br /> 1/2 = r*sqrt(2) + x<br /><br /> R-1/2 = r*(1-sqrt(1/2))<br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS7_9O0wXgu-FDnuvraYALjs35j5bIJOFFCu8gleCJB60njIb9K8tz76mpgyaQilszGm4tMtdPh94nx3_FVDWSZFEkYPdDNsn4z93LEynIMXRDxVzyQlf8CApRae-QL1P5QujqnovTvulS/s1600/hole.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRH0XmpSB0WOsbguQkeMyRIpvEzz3ycIygVu5XnATVblRbomrv7g84EMMyloSLZU9V9XNUMue07aEi1sW8gaN-ysKbT6v4LETNsE2IXR_Mnf-xqE6T8Yi_8XzZvUs_HAKENfAP-3L1OPgz/s1600/square5.png" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRH0XmpSB0WOsbguQkeMyRIpvEzz3ycIygVu5XnATVblRbomrv7g84EMMyloSLZU9V9XNUMue07aEi1sW8gaN-ysKbT6v4LETNsE2IXR_Mnf-xqE6T8Yi_8XzZvUs_HAKENfAP-3L1OPgz/s1600/square5.png" /></a><br />Solving this system:<br /><br /> r = 1/(4+sqrt(2))<br /><br /> r = L * 184.69903125906464e-3<br /><br /> R = L * 554.097093777194e-3<br /><br />The diameters when L = 1.125 are:<br /><br /> d = 415.57282033289544e-3<br /><br /> D = 1.2467184609986863<br /><br />I made the holes with a 3/8 inch twist drill and a 1.25 inch hole saw. A 7/16 bit would have been closer in size.<br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9NSYblQABugpB5usJAVnhefpkvAla2XJgQ-9byM_fjzq-ta39wsXOpU6_IWWVUBFFT8lLf9cdJ_2lWA5XczOnL_clO9Ud0Rfd0_f6uNQDyzwUCMA0sLxGzy6JJArO4lf87v1iCms8Go7H/s1600/socket.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9NSYblQABugpB5usJAVnhefpkvAla2XJgQ-9byM_fjzq-ta39wsXOpU6_IWWVUBFFT8lLf9cdJ_2lWA5XczOnL_clO9Ud0Rfd0_f6uNQDyzwUCMA0sLxGzy6JJArO4lf87v1iCms8Go7H/s320/socket.jpg" width="160" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS7_9O0wXgu-FDnuvraYALjs35j5bIJOFFCu8gleCJB60njIb9K8tz76mpgyaQilszGm4tMtdPh94nx3_FVDWSZFEkYPdDNsn4z93LEynIMXRDxVzyQlf8CApRae-QL1P5QujqnovTvulS/s1600/hole.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhS7_9O0wXgu-FDnuvraYALjs35j5bIJOFFCu8gleCJB60njIb9K8tz76mpgyaQilszGm4tMtdPh94nx3_FVDWSZFEkYPdDNsn4z93LEynIMXRDxVzyQlf8CApRae-QL1P5QujqnovTvulS/s320/hole.jpg" width="160" /></a><br />The flange on the outlet covers the non-square parts of opening.<br />Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-49496981675242058082016-02-18T22:03:00.000-05:002016-02-19T19:46:36.545-05:00Vertical Natural Convection<img align="right" alt="" src="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/SimRoof/Convection/vert-susp8.jpg" height="576" width="423" />
Unexpected results for downward convection at small-angles raised
the question of whether vertical natural convection is the same for
rough and smooth plates. This photo shows the plate suspended
vertically by steel wire from the two boards above. The ambient
temperature sensor is taped to the table leg. I measured the
natural convection over three temperature ranges as was done in the
other natural convection runs.
<br />
If there is less convection than expected, then it could be due to
heat from one side reducing the convection of a side above it, as
happens in the upward facing case.
<br />
But slightly more convection than expected was measured. As the
plate is no longer in the wind tunnel, modeling the emissivity of
the room as 0.9 (versus 0.8 for the wind tunnel) brings the
simulation into reasonable agreement with measurement. It thus
appears that, at least for laminar flows from rectangular plates,
natural convection from a rough surface has the same magnitude as
convection from a smooth surface.
<br />
The graph below is linked to a <a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/SimRoof/Convection/natural.pdf">pdf of the
measurements and simulations of natural convection</a> in level and
vertical orientations.
<br />
<a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/SimRoof/Convection/natural.pdf"><img alt="natural vertical convection correlation" border="1" src="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/SimRoof/Convection/vertical-correlation.png" height="447" width="640" /></a>
<br />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Future Experiments"></a>
<h2>
</h2>
Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-4440403163821786802016-02-06T22:32:00.000-05:002016-02-06T22:47:28.936-05:00Mixed ConvectionAs my blog post
<a href="http://voluntocracy.blogspot.com/2015/12/upward-natural-convection.html">Upward Natural Convection</a>
details, there is no guarantee that natural convection of my plate
with the rough surface facing up behaves in a manner which can be
modeled. The air warmed by the insulated back and sides rises
adjacent to the heated rough surface which draws air towards its
center. So how strong is this effect? Measured with peak
temperature differences of 15 K, 10 K, and 5 K, the
measured upward natural convection is about half that predicted.
But looking at the natural convection components, the deficit is
roughly equal to sum of the back and side convective heat flows!
<br />
With the rough surface facing down, the mix of convective and
radiative heat loss from the four sides matters little because both
are subtracted from the overall heat loss. But when the rough
surface faces upward it does matter; side convection reduces the
rough surface convection while thermal radiation does not. Creating
a plot of downward natural convection at a range of temperature
differences allows evaluation of simulated mixtures. As the
fraction of simulated radiative heat loss increases, the slope
connecting the measured points increases. The graph below shows the
fit when the effective radiative height of the side is 41% of its
actual height, and the effective convective surface area is adjusted
to fit:
<br />
<img alt="Downward Natural Convection" src="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/SimRoof/Convection/downward-correlation.png" height="447" width="640" /><br />
With this rough estimate of the relative strengths of convective and
radiative heat loss, we are now ready to see whether the effect of
the sides on the top surface can be reasonably modeled.
<br />
The plot below compares upward convection correlations with total
non-radiative heat flow minus 77% of the (modeled) sides and back
natural convection. There is less variation from point to point
because upward natural convection is three times stronger than
downward natural convection.
<a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/SimRoof/Convection/index#HHT">"Horizontal Hot Top"</a> is my generalization of
the four conventional upward convection correlations.
<br />
<img alt="Upward Natural Convection" src="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/SimRoof/Convection/upward-correlation.png" height="447" width="640" /><br />
The unexpectedly close match above lends support to the idea that
air heated by the sides is drawn over the upper surface of the
plate, reducing the effective temperature difference between the
plate and air, and can be modeled as a reduction of upward
convection by an amount proportional to the side convection.
<br />
Now that I have convection measurements at low fan speeds which are
comparable in magnitude to natural convection, the next step is to
evaluate mixed convection (with the rough surface facing upward).
<br />
Just as there was no guarantee of a workable model for the
interaction of the sides with the top in still air, there is no
guarantee of a model of that interaction in forced air. Needed is a
generalization matches the model developed for <i>V</i>=0 and
matches the forced correlation as <i>V</i> grows.
<br />
The graph below shows the correlation I have arrived at for upward
convection (<a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/SimRoof/Convection/forced-up.pdf">see simulations</a>). It
assumes that mixed convection for the four short sides is the
L<sup>4</sup>-norm of the natural and forced convections and that
77% of only the natural component of the back and sides is absorbed
by the convection of the (upward-facing) rough surface.
<br />
<img alt="Forced Mixed with Upward Natural Convection" src="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/SimRoof/Convection/mixed-up-correlation-2.png" height="447" width="640" /><br />
If the L<sup>4</sup>-norm mixing for the short sides is instead
L<sup>2</sup>, the increase in natural convection from the sides
reduces the top surface convection, spoiling the upward-convection
match with L<sup>2</sup>-norm (gray dashed line) and other L-norm
exponents (best is about L<sup>2.3</sup>).
<br />
Here are the calculated values of convection from all six sides of
the plate at windspeeds from 0 to 4 m/s and
Δ<i>T</i>=11K:
<br />
<blockquote>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr><th>insulated<br />
back</th><td>+ 2 ⋅</td><th>parallel<br />
side</th><td>+ 2 ⋅</td><th>windward<br />
leeward</th><td>=</td><th>total</th><td>vs</td><th>rough</th><td>@</td><th>windspeed</th></tr>
<tr><td>53.1mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>55.3mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>55.3mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>0.272W/K</td><td><br /></td><td>0.467W/K</td><td><br /></td><td>0.0m/s</td></tr>
<tr><td>55.2mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>55.4mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>55.4mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>0.274W/K</td><td><br /></td><td>0.484W/K</td><td><br /></td><td>0.12m/s</td></tr>
<tr><td>60.4mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>55.5mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>55.4mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>0.280W/K</td><td><br /></td><td>0.520W/K</td><td><br /></td><td>0.25m/s</td></tr>
<tr><td>65.0mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>55.9mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>55.9mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>0.286W/K</td><td><br /></td><td>0.666W/K</td><td><br /></td><td>0.50m/s</td></tr>
<tr><td>68.5mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>57.3mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>57.6mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>0.296W/K</td><td><br /></td><td>1.18W/K</td><td><br /></td><td>1.0m/s</td></tr>
<tr><td>71.0mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>61.5mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>63.4mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>0.318W/K</td><td><br /></td><td>2.22W/K</td><td><br /></td><td>2.0m/s</td></tr>
<tr><td>72.6mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>72.4mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>78.4mW/K</td><td><br /></td><td>0.371W/K</td><td><br /></td><td>4.36W/K</td><td><br /></td><td>4.0m/s</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</blockquote>
I had expected L<sup>4</sup>-norm mixing for upward convection. So
these results will require modifications to my theory of mixed
convection.
Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-84897551122760393062016-01-27T15:08:00.000-05:002016-01-27T15:08:45.940-05:00Forced Convection on Convection Machine 2.0
The new back eliminated the dual modes seen earlier with peak
Δ<i>T</i>=15K. Reducing the r/min to m/s conversion by 2%
(which is within the ± 3% error band of the anemometer)
and adjusting the breakpoint results in a beautiful fit!
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6Lw8-Y84bK3Olk15q2jm6aSol_546EUXiRg6xMrDoGtFo1G2rz7xqCRYP-_l861RL6EMk-K9yk7qHNNVLXlATW3CebVJrcOVtvh74isXevspwZmQiBeEuGJ-7Gv5sZmVOwXtL9Wz6VIxw/s1600/forced-correlation-2D15K.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6Lw8-Y84bK3Olk15q2jm6aSol_546EUXiRg6xMrDoGtFo1G2rz7xqCRYP-_l861RL6EMk-K9yk7qHNNVLXlATW3CebVJrcOVtvh74isXevspwZmQiBeEuGJ-7Gv5sZmVOwXtL9Wz6VIxw/s640/forced-correlation-2D15K.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
The points at Re=3545 and Re=5231 could be following either the
Smooth Turbulent Asymptote or the Transition Model; it's too close
to tell. The reason that the Transition Model has less convection
than the Smooth Turbulent Asymptote below Re=6000 is because the
leading edge of the boundary layer is modeled as thinner than the
roughness; but division by the local characteristic length, 0, is
undefined at the leading edge.
Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-75484329849130706292016-01-08T22:22:00.000-05:002016-01-08T22:22:10.031-05:00Slightly Tilted Downward Convection<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
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</div>
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</div>
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</div>
With the current configuration, I am measuring the natural
convection from a plate inclined a few degrees from facing downward.
Turning the front tuning pegs shortens the support wires and tilts
the plate.
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXII-AE9EoUjGUfYCkKbEIwspxA6IEvx7gJVojAd-Cjlfzjs4356RSly2Rs5h6EosKUU_IZ7PGasqXWM7CLz3KO_9VOr-V0el9kFyYz_sm7DcC6vyPap8sQIkNjV_XSr7ggQeCzFaMv0pr/s1600/downward-angle-1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgXII-AE9EoUjGUfYCkKbEIwspxA6IEvx7gJVojAd-Cjlfzjs4356RSly2Rs5h6EosKUU_IZ7PGasqXWM7CLz3KO_9VOr-V0el9kFyYz_sm7DcC6vyPap8sQIkNjV_XSr7ggQeCzFaMv0pr/s640/downward-angle-1.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
This graph shows that downward convection does not blend with other
convective modes. With <i>θ</i> between 87° and 90°
downward convection is in control; between 0° and 87° the
vertical mode is dominant.
I have modified the <a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/SimRoof/Convection/index#UCT3">UCT3</a> formula in the
<a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/SimRoof/Convection/index#Downward">Downward Natural Convection</a> section
with this new knowledge.
<br />
<blockquote>
<table>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td nowrap="nowrap"><i>R</i> = min(<i>L<sub>H</sub></i>, <i>L<sub>W</sub></i>)/2</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td nowrap="nowrap"><i>h</i> =
<i>k</i>⋅max<b>(</b>Nu<sub>9.3</sub>(Ra(<i>L<sub>H</sub></i>) cos <i>θ</i>)/<i>L<sub>H</sub></i> <b>,</b>
Nu<sub>45</sub>(Ra(<i>R</i>) sin <i>θ</i>)/<i>R</i>)
</td>
<td align="right" width="25%">0°≤<i>θ</i>≤+90°</td>
<td align="right" width="20%">UCT3</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</blockquote>
The random variation in the plot above makes it less convincing than
it might be. I modified the firmware to increase the heating
threshold from 5 K to 15 K, which increases the average
Δ<i>T</i> from 3.7 K to 11 K and reduces the
relative variation by about a factor of 3.
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjycFf9dIQ3vJvIc5Tho2Ndc5STi-b-oGskP0QJdmVRw85pnRmWVDk8nZmjHuyXRVc1P2fL6AIHSkQC-5mh0oAWixOXx7PJS65Fr4mblWBAml_seZmZKfff4Ym9fvgewajov6REwShnB8SI/s1600/downward-angle-2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="447" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjycFf9dIQ3vJvIc5Tho2Ndc5STi-b-oGskP0QJdmVRw85pnRmWVDk8nZmjHuyXRVc1P2fL6AIHSkQC-5mh0oAWixOXx7PJS65Fr4mblWBAml_seZmZKfff4Ym9fvgewajov6REwShnB8SI/s640/downward-angle-2.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
Running the tilt tests at the higher temperature difference results
in markedly reduced variation as can be seen by the proximity of the
half-interval measurements (black dots) to the full-interval
measurements (red dots). But the slope below 87.5° clearly does
not match that derived from Nu<sub>9.3</sub>, the natrual convection
from a smooth vertical plate! More about this below.<br />
I also ran a series of forced convection trials with the 15 K
peak temperature difference:
<br />
<a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/SimRoof/Convection/forced-D15.pdf">
</a><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgR0g7ykwVji5kg5y_zTniLAWpeKDyPKFdYSM_Fwqfct6oD3eoDKfiCNrnDmN0UkSWu7ZnwL0AypEP1Rnvp3A0mKOxaaZJj1KE44YGRndvZDFs0lO5N0xOScZAaSbzx9fR0k9vijXP-fEE/s1600/forced-correlation-2D15.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgR0g7ykwVji5kg5y_zTniLAWpeKDyPKFdYSM_Fwqfct6oD3eoDKfiCNrnDmN0UkSWu7ZnwL0AypEP1Rnvp3A0mKOxaaZJj1KE44YGRndvZDFs0lO5N0xOScZAaSbzx9fR0k9vijXP-fEE/s640/forced-correlation-2D15.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
There are several things to notice about this graph. The tests
where only part of the plate had roughness penetrating the boundary
layer seemed to have two distinct breakpoints: Re=16666 and
Re=22222.
For nearly all the measurements, the half-interval measurements
(black dots) are very close to the full-interval measurements (red
dots).
There are two which are not so close. The black dots around Re=7440
lie close to the line, indicating the wind speed change which
occured partway through the run. This can be seen in the bottom
panel on page 8 of the <a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/SimRoof/Convection/forced-D15.pdf">PDF</a>. The dots
at Re=8237 had the same windspeed, perhaps indicating that the
system spent time in both breakpoint modes.
<br />
Below Re=7500 the measurements track a slope of turbulent convection
(Re<sup>4/5</sup>). Unfortunately the wind-tunnel can't produce
wind speeds below 0.25 m/s (Re=4900), so we can't see the
transition to natural downward convection.
<br />
<hr />
<a href="https://www.blogger.com/null" name="Natural Tilt"></a>
Returning to natural convection,
either the natural convection from a rough vertical surface differs
from that of a smooth vertical surface or the formula combining the
downward and vertical convection is wrong. The former can be tested
by suspending the plate vertically. I plan to do this by wrapping
the wire suspending the plate around its (insulated) back. In order
to protect the insulation from being cut by the wire, a sheet of
aluminum should be glued to the back. I was planning to do this
already in order to test upward natural convection.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-ZOUKgAMgyxSDI8lor3RtifJl5uPehLK8ZDkgTAkK7gTvDxGO5gvjLX2Be0GKYVzhmvEC7t6Ho11JQoHjulnFe_o1UeRWPsrab8NKFPL-NHYMoiXYPys8FWaRDXxPdv85-Y67k1jN6m4y/s1600/dscf1178.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-ZOUKgAMgyxSDI8lor3RtifJl5uPehLK8ZDkgTAkK7gTvDxGO5gvjLX2Be0GKYVzhmvEC7t6Ho11JQoHjulnFe_o1UeRWPsrab8NKFPL-NHYMoiXYPys8FWaRDXxPdv85-Y67k1jN6m4y/s640/dscf1178.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
Here is the back side of the plate ready to have the 0.65 mm
sheet of aluminum glued to it. Notches have been cut (using the
"nibbler" on the sheet) near the sheet corners to catch the wires
which will suspend it.
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_g62QrpO2YnVouyFd7LEEpX1Q7jCbMIp3rqQ6Dxv34ZDeNkJgZRDgaNxPWhXzE1lMarkmL8VHnm9knh5wbJkikg2HybSWAH_fbxN03i7PF-41wUhB4Bd3mp3M_hDasgzoR92Ie8vqIcR4/s1600/dscf1179.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_g62QrpO2YnVouyFd7LEEpX1Q7jCbMIp3rqQ6Dxv34ZDeNkJgZRDgaNxPWhXzE1lMarkmL8VHnm9knh5wbJkikg2HybSWAH_fbxN03i7PF-41wUhB4Bd3mp3M_hDasgzoR92Ie8vqIcR4/s640/dscf1179.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
Gluing completed.
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPNRvYygyXrhnytRknlLj6pu6EpMHDz6ILG5wKwAGjIBsOCKa_JnGYHzD8c4v5-6HS1YtIW-EaGKVkOciyBeqwYIiQ4s_oykoHRRF2Ag_K94pZox8R3zyRstOxOy2MbHtzTgwW2qUzBiqN/s1600/dscf1180.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjPNRvYygyXrhnytRknlLj6pu6EpMHDz6ILG5wKwAGjIBsOCKa_JnGYHzD8c4v5-6HS1YtIW-EaGKVkOciyBeqwYIiQ4s_oykoHRRF2Ag_K94pZox8R3zyRstOxOy2MbHtzTgwW2qUzBiqN/s640/dscf1180.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
Here the rough surface of the plate is facing up in the wind tunnel.
But first I must rerun all the downward facing measurements.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgksgK4UWxSxLAjUcJX3YL9spiPbKOqS8_1JYFCX1tt3_Kr5hyphenhyphendevEkxfKk8jJRRXMvi14OYZL9FEFmPmVQI6KuVv_pyViw4aLl6sWWBv_oyDPqPvks92m8Br3nVEM8yWAE79yR3PgJKS-O/s1600/dscf1181.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgksgK4UWxSxLAjUcJX3YL9spiPbKOqS8_1JYFCX1tt3_Kr5hyphenhyphendevEkxfKk8jJRRXMvi14OYZL9FEFmPmVQI6KuVv_pyViw4aLl6sWWBv_oyDPqPvks92m8Br3nVEM8yWAE79yR3PgJKS-O/s640/dscf1181.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-20741780438598611312015-12-20T22:49:00.000-05:002015-12-20T22:49:01.240-05:00Upward Natural ConvectionThere was a mistake in my simulation of the (insulated) back
surface. It doesn't affect the measurement or simulation of the
test surface. Here is a proper simulation of the plate with the
rough side facing down:
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXRRymRQzJhoVkvENKq0lQMHBYXPHA7xkw7c0snpZ9IuQ-Ng_yh6KQAcAjg64wopgGQ-Lea0avFP4PgqmSTBY_MMnPnl0BC0FkTAJE8oRQmFQ83ZmhsOQwT06t_vQB5FcOlRbUZ8yqsxo4/s1600/20151220T205655-downward.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhXRRymRQzJhoVkvENKq0lQMHBYXPHA7xkw7c0snpZ9IuQ-Ng_yh6KQAcAjg64wopgGQ-Lea0avFP4PgqmSTBY_MMnPnl0BC0FkTAJE8oRQmFQ83ZmhsOQwT06t_vQB5FcOlRbUZ8yqsxo4/s640/20151220T205655-downward.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP5mqUTizNnRSNGxluR8SbGJu22UMlXU44j62MbA1EPS192Wb5aC2zQiyhaHpPQkpjPJWEMxO1x27OLlqhsstFJijmOg7Q-Wp0nojrcj9UE_G6WJQQxzVEqGHIHRSGMwAOzbmcEvWdN639/s1600/20151009T134206-downward.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
The red lines are the simulations; the others are measured. The
backside simulation expects more convection than was measured,
resulting in the measured back face temperature being higher than
its simulated temperature.<br />
<br />
Because they are not thermally conductive over their whole surfaces,
natural convection from the four vertical sides can't be modelled
with established theory. My simulation models these sides as having
3.2 times the natural convection from the 52 mm ×
305 mm metal surfaces not covered by insulation. The 3.2
factor was arrived at from natural convective runs on the Convection
Machine.<br />
<br />
The streamlines in Fujii and
Imura<a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/SimRoof/Convection/#76">[76]</a>'s
figure 14(f) show air from the edges of the plate moving toward the
rising column at the plate's centre. But in the Convection Machine
this air has already been heated by the rough (downward) face and
four sides. Thus the convection from the (upward) back side would
be reduced and its temperature higher than if the other faces were
not convecting.<br />
<br />
With the rough test surface facing downward its convection is not
affected by the other faces. With the plate 5 K hotter than
ambient, convection from the bottom face is about 0.6 W and
about .348 W for each vertical face. Their combined 2 W
dwarfs the .297 W expected through the insulation for the back
face (upward). So it is not surprising that the back face
convection is reduced.<br />
<br />
If the rough test surface faces up, then its expected 20.3 W
convection will experience reduction from the 1.63 W of
convection from the other faces. Unfortunately, in this case it does affect the measurements. <br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiP5mqUTizNnRSNGxluR8SbGJu22UMlXU44j62MbA1EPS192Wb5aC2zQiyhaHpPQkpjPJWEMxO1x27OLlqhsstFJijmOg7Q-Wp0nojrcj9UE_G6WJQQxzVEqGHIHRSGMwAOzbmcEvWdN639/s1600/20151009T134206-downward.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"></a></div>
Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-14074010114152975292015-12-18T20:19:00.000-05:002015-12-18T21:04:39.795-05:00Scaled Colburn Analogy Asymptote<h3>
<span style="font-weight: normal;">I have rewritten the <a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/SimRoof/Convection/index#Scaled%20Colburn%20Analogy%20Asymptote">Scaled Colburn Analogy Asymptote</a> section to address the <a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/SimRoof/Convection/Measurements">Convection Machine</a> measurements at low Reynolds numbers:</span></h3>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpMR0Yse1sZmFiHVCBFSA4RcH_07ASP04T2QneEvn7f54HQYQBV7VjR20Cg74Wfr43J1EmYcQ6wOgClH6mbMS2VWmSOS7trR7OYnd3FIsHYlak0qZQAxnO3Ju8Zz-j9ZtvGZuBI91RLOwg/s1600/forced-correlation-1.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjpMR0Yse1sZmFiHVCBFSA4RcH_07ASP04T2QneEvn7f54HQYQBV7VjR20Cg74Wfr43J1EmYcQ6wOgClH6mbMS2VWmSOS7trR7OYnd3FIsHYlak0qZQAxnO3Ju8Zz-j9ZtvGZuBI91RLOwg/s640/forced-correlation-1.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">The logarithmic scale amplifies the variances below Re=10000. The graph below shows Nu/Pr<sup>1/3</sup> on a linear scale where variations can be seen as comparable in magnitude to the variation between experiments where Re is larger than 10000.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0KZlFnqisKh9t31TDu3n9oNAgV-InvZw8M-zvjzOvIc1k82l861Xc58FRfzGjMQWC4ggaslsHqjoCt2bL_U90X6dl2GgfPsrLzfQHsPMhalRliUGav8QmQDg2p1wZjSBgZJ4hYfkUAeMX/s1600/linear-correlation.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0KZlFnqisKh9t31TDu3n9oNAgV-InvZw8M-zvjzOvIc1k82l861Xc58FRfzGjMQWC4ggaslsHqjoCt2bL_U90X6dl2GgfPsrLzfQHsPMhalRliUGav8QmQDg2p1wZjSBgZJ4hYfkUAeMX/s640/linear-correlation.png" width="640" /></a><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span></div>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;">The revised formula, which includes the Re range over which the surface should be treated as rough, is:</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_Wnq-FWk8dcHN9ZViKmLM8Krtryfx2G79THqzLJN9EuaBdgWCiNcPY3rQz4mYhUJ-MS3PUb7jSZtuAUhlVZ3yJA3Nu7-nWv8FlriGMQbtiWiXjs18hCip49AKHsg6fAO_dGReZPW-leZe/s1600/formula.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="160" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg_Wnq-FWk8dcHN9ZViKmLM8Krtryfx2G79THqzLJN9EuaBdgWCiNcPY3rQz4mYhUJ-MS3PUb7jSZtuAUhlVZ3yJA3Nu7-nWv8FlriGMQbtiWiXjs18hCip49AKHsg6fAO_dGReZPW-leZe/s640/formula.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-31363043517131981392015-12-05T22:41:00.000-05:002015-12-05T22:45:16.353-05:00A Convection SurpriseYears ago I heard advice to experimental physicists to continue refining their experiments, even after they yield a hoped-for result.<br />
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Last week I realized that if I switched the wind-tunnel fan to the lower speed setting, it might be able to run at speeds lower than 100r/min. I tried it and it worked! This updated plot has points at Re values less than 10000 and they show significantly less convection than expected. As in an earlier post, there would be many possible explanations for finding too much convection, but not for finding too little.<br />
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At these low wind speeds the fan speed wanders through a +/-10% range and the convection measurements are averaged over time. I have rewritten my program to compute the convection over smaller intervals than the whole trial and included both the whole trial and smaller runs in the graph. My program also averages measurements through a trapezoidal window, which reduces the variation between the smaller intervals within an experimental trial.<br />
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<img border="0" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNiApOJMrti3bgmG7VXjclFL0fDlWeRPv-NhhoLramUihG-NCh9a098qINuk-nttnBiD4T8CnY3FU2gEjEwoh55WLo_wakxRSX4s8UOZyX4SNHswrdkPg7coiTYHI1pi2mFszZXqva5N5L/s640/Nu-vs-Re-2.png" width="640" /></div>
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<a href="http://people.csail.mit.edu/jaffer/SimRoof/Convection/Nu-vs-Re-s.pdf">Here is a link to a pdf of plots splitting the measurements in 2 through 8 pieces</a>. Each trial's dots are distributed vertically, reflecting the noisy temperature readings.<br />
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The four lowest trials cluster near the asymptote for turbulent convection from a smooth surface, even though the rough surface asymptote would convect more heat. In the "Measured over time split into 4 intervals" chart it is seen that the plate spends most of its time over the range between the two asymptotes.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilBePIfMkxUTA8VlF02BOOAKYEBP8LCa_V0-T1MQjYPETiJWkryMNwiLbNTBShj_le1XhRLmtVbzy5Hx1r2XnK7vyE2gkLmsCuhxaetTOH4JCWnj7a-51KBxkSf1REElUWDhLCcdwbA2xW/s1600/Nu-vs-Re-4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilBePIfMkxUTA8VlF02BOOAKYEBP8LCa_V0-T1MQjYPETiJWkryMNwiLbNTBShj_le1XhRLmtVbzy5Hx1r2XnK7vyE2gkLmsCuhxaetTOH4JCWnj7a-51KBxkSf1REElUWDhLCcdwbA2xW/s640/Nu-vs-Re-4.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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If the switching between asymptotes were correlated with fan speed variations, we would expect to see the dots for each trial on a slanted line; but they are roughly vertical. The transition between laminar and turbulent forced convective modes remains an unsolved problem for theory. Modelling the transition between these two turbulent forced convective modes may be as intractable.Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6806118251241543344.post-9926994986777439662015-11-25T22:31:00.001-05:002015-11-26T13:48:26.211-05:00Simplified Convection ModelWith the asymptote established, it was time to work on the lower speeds. My models were stubbornly predicting too much convection for 0109rpm-20151031T023629. It turns out that the apparent deficit for rough upward natural convection was nearly equal to the apparent deficit for rough downward convection. Thus it was likely that I was underestimating the radiative cooling and natural convection from the four sides, which act in both orientations. Increasing the modeled side surface conductances yields values for the rough surface matching smooth natural convection within the experimental variations.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdb2KGMIvQPH90i-iKXK70FcUBqnPoK_ipxyPjHLyQfe6ictzGalrz6BrvbF0nRukoLFfe_WdSIFlApYqog89NauYG_D8Mz_drlIiQA8fJNYMTMwAc-e_grQaZqvZcU21Q45ZigL21j7HD/s1600/Nu-vs-Re.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhdb2KGMIvQPH90i-iKXK70FcUBqnPoK_ipxyPjHLyQfe6ictzGalrz6BrvbF0nRukoLFfe_WdSIFlApYqog89NauYG_D8Mz_drlIiQA8fJNYMTMwAc-e_grQaZqvZcU21Q45ZigL21j7HD/s640/Nu-vs-Re.png" width="640" /></a></div>
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I managed to coax the wind-tunnel fan to run at 93 r/min for a data run, extending test coverage down to Re=8000. Where my earlier plot showed points clustering around the L4-norm of the Scaled-Colburn-Analogy-Asymptotes, the new point aligns with the others along the asymptotes themselves, as predicted by my SCAA formula:<br />
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<tr><td nowrap=""> Nu<sub>SCAA</sub> = max(Nu<sub>8.9</sub><b>,</b> Nu<sub>8.11</sub><b>,</b> Nu<sub>RS</sub>)</td>
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The small convection from 0093rpm-20151125T170700 and 0109rpm-20151031T023629 also confirm that mixed convection uses a high degree norm (the highest being the "max" function). This essentially says that natural and forced convection do not mix; it is either one or the other. When the Convection Machine gets fitted with a smaller fan, I will be able to test at the transition point.Aubrey Jafferhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14575029475024146146noreply@blogger.com0